Open Badges/Wikipedia/staging/Digital Badges
This page serves as staging for edits the Open Badges community plan to make to the Wikipedia page on Digital badges
Digital badges are indicators of accomplishments, skills, qualities or interests that can be earned in various learning environments.<ref>"A Future Full of Badges," The Chronicle of Higher Education, http://chronicle.com/article/A-Future-Full-of-Badges/131455/</ref>
Contents
Origin and development
Traditional physical badges have been used for many years by various organizations such as the United States Army<ref name="29-15">Template:Cite web</ref> and the Boy Scouts of America<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to give members a physical emblem to display the accomplishment of various achievements.
While physical badges have been in use for hundreds of years, the idea of digital badges is a relatively recent development drawn from research into gamification.Template:Citation needed As game elements, badges have been used by organizations such as Foursquare and Huffington Post to reward users for accomplishing certain tasks.<ref name="HuffPo">Template:Cite journal .</ref> In 2005, Microsoft introduced the Xbox’ 360 Gamerscore system, which is considered to be the original implementation of an achievement system.
In 2007, Eva Baker, the President of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), gave the Presidential Address at their annual conference on the need to develop Merit badge-like “Qualifications” that certify accomplishments, not through standardized tests, but as “an integrated experience with performance requirements.” Such a system would apply to learning both in and out of school and support youth to develop and pursue passionate interests. Baker envisioned youth assembling "their unique Qualifications to show to their families, to adults in university and workforce, and to themselves." Ultimately, Baker believed “the path of Qualifications shifts attention from schoolwork to usable and compelling skills, from school life to real life." <ref>2007 AERA Presidential Address, http://edr.sagepub.com/content/36/6/309.abstract, accessed on 3/15/2013</ref>
The use of digital badges as credentials remained largely under the radar until 2011, following the release of “An Open Badge System Framework,” a white paper authored by Peer 2 Peer University and The Mozilla Foundation. In the paper, badges are explained as “a symbol or indicator of an accomplishment, skill, quality or interest,” with examples of badge systems used by the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, PADI diving instruction, and the more recently popular geo-locative games, like Foursquare.<ref name="waters">Template:Cite web</ref> The report asserts that badges “have been successfully used to set goals, motivate behaviors, represent achievements and communicate success in many contexts” and proposes that when learning happens across various contexts and experiences, “badges can have a significant impact, and can be used to motivate learning, signify community and signal achievement.” The report also makes clear that the value of badges comes less from its visual representation than from the context around how and why it was conferred. The stronger the connection between the two, the more effective the badging system will be. “Badges are conversation starters,” the report explains, “and the information linked to or 'behind' each badge serves as justification and even validation of the badge.” For example, a badge should include information about how it was earned, who issued it, the date of issue, and, ideally, a link back to some form of artifact relating to the work behind the badge.
In early 2010, the digital badge service provider Basno launched a platform that allowed users to create and collect badges that represent real-world accomplishments like running the 2011 ING New York City Marathon. <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The effort marked a strong shift from viewing badges as game-like elements to creating badges to certify learning. Many instructional sites such as P2PU and Khan Academy make use of a digital badging system.
Later in 2011, the Mozilla Foundation announced their intention to develop the Mozilla Open Badges so as to provide a common system for the issuance, collection, and display of digital badges on multiple instructional sites.<ref name="waters"/>
In September 2011, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, announced the launch of the HASTAC/MacArthur Foundation Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition.<ref>"Credentials, the Next Generation" New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/education/edlife/credentials-the-next-generation.html?_r=4&</ref> According to Arne Duncan, badges “can help engage students in learning and broaden the avenues for all learners or all ages, to aquire and to demonstrate as well as document and display their skills. Badges can help speed the shift from credentials that simply measure seat time to ones that more accurately measure competency, and we must do everything we can to exccelerate that transition. It can also help to account for both formal and informal learning and in a variety of different settings.” <ref>DML Competition event transcript, http://dmlcompetition.net/Competition/4/opening-event-transcript.php, accessed 3/15/2013</ref> Funded by the MacArthur Foundation, with additional support from the Gates Foundation, HASTAC administers the Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition, which awarded funds to thirty organizations in March 2012.<ref>http://dmlcompetition.net/media/4/BadgesforLifelongLearningAnnouncement.pdf</ref>
Functions of badges
Just as badges in the physical world serve many functions, digital badges are employed in a variety of ways. Badges can serve different functions depending on the activities with which they are associated. Commonly, badges are thought of as rewards but have been found to be most effective when they also contribute to goal setting, reputation, status affirmation, instruction and group identification. Badges also promote lifelong learning that extends beyond the classroom and brings to light accomplishments that otherwise might have been hidden.<ref name="Antin">Template:Cite journal .</ref>
Benefits associated with digital badges include the ability to capture the complete learning path, so it “travels” with the user wherever they decide to display the badge. The digital badge carries with it information about assessment, evidence and other metadata required by the badge. Digital badges can signal achievement to potential employers; motivate engagement and collaboration; improve retention and leveling up in learning; support innovation and flexibility in the skills that matter; and build and formalize identity and reputation within learning communities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Some digital badge platforms allow organizations to create, issue, earn and display digital badges on members’ websites, social media pages, and resumes.
Badges as motivation to participate
One of the ways in which badges are often used is to encourage participation by recognizing the participants. Motivation is often one of the major reasons designers decide to employ badges. Participation is encouraged because badges offer a new pathway of lifelong learning separate from the traditional, formalized academic pathway. Badges highlight and recognize skills and knowledge that come from personal initiative and investigation.<ref name="7 Things">Template:Cite web</ref>
When TripAdvisor started showing badges on user pages, they explicitly indicated that this was to recognize the most frequent contributors.<ref name="schaal">Template:Cite web</ref> Systems that have been successful at motivating people with badges cite their ability to intrinsically motivate participants by showcasing challenges overcome, displaying pathways for learning, and improving social connections.<ref name = "badgeville">Template:Cite web</ref>
Badges as motivation to collaborate
Unlike most online media, open badge programs are collaborative ones that promote active, engaged involvement. While there are several modes of online collective action, all of the systems are largely run by a very small number of people; “for example, just two percent of Wikipedia users account for 75% of participation”.<ref name=Antin /> Given more collaboration by an increased number of people, even more solutions, ideas and theories could be presented and analyzed. Badges have the potential to work for any company or online collaborative action system in order to engage more people and motivate those people to participate in online data sharing and social media.
Badges “enhance identity and reputation, raising profiles within learning communities and among peers by aggregating identities across other communities... [and] build community and social capital by helping learners find peers and mentors with similar interests. Community badges help formalize camaraderie, team synthesis, and communities of practice".<ref name=FAQ>Template:Cite web</ref> Badges quantify the soft skills of teamwork that are pivotal to success in many professions today.
Badges as recognition and assessment
Sometimes digital badges are used to recognize quality or provide for community approval. The "Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval" provides this in non-digital formats, but there are similar indicators of trust, for example, that indicate best practices in e-commerce.<ref name="levins">Template:Cite web</ref> Sometimes such badges are indicator of awards, like the Webbies or Edublog Awards. Open Badges allows you to represent, verify and communicate your skills, interests and achievements, and because the system is based on an open standard, you can combine multiple badges from different issuers to tell the complete story of your achievements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In learning environments, badges have been used to encourage alternative, peer-based assessment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Badges can be associated with summative assessments of prior learning as well as formative assessment that provide guidance and feedback. They can also function as transformative assessment<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that shape existing learning or allow new ones to be created.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Digital badges might be particularly useful as part of a formative assessment process, providing constant feedback and tracking of what has been learned and what the next step might be. Massive online open courses (MOOCs) and e-assessments,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mora, M.C. et al. (2012), p. 734 can be used to deliver content at scale, while providing structured points for formative assessment, connections to learning communities, and new possibilities for strengthening individual agency in the learning process, Hickey, D. (2012). Such environments might leverage self- and peer-assessment, again as part of formative processes.
A drawback is that these types of assessment take time, Kelly-Riley, D. (2007), p. 30. However, strategies like peer review, interactive games or simulations, and self-administered tests might help in fragmenting assessment processes, while still providing essential feedback to the learner along the way. Also, as markers or benchmarks of learning, it is possible that digital badges might work particularly well for individuals who are stressed by testing, and for educators looking for mechanisms to accommodate differentiated learning pathways.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Badges as alternative credentials
Digital badges have been seen as a potential challenger to the dominant paradigm of diplomas in higher education.<ref name="CHE Badges">Template:Cite web</ref> The Chronicle of Higher Education notes that more and more online educational websites are adopting badges to mark achievement.
One website adopting badges is Badges for Vets. It is a free website funded by the HASTAC Initiative and MacArthur Foundation that provides U.S. military veterans with a means to indicate relevant military training and experience to prospective employers. Examples of available badges include translator, engineering construction, law enforcement and finance, and employers are able to browse the Badges for Vets database to match specific qualifications or find qualified veterans in their local community.
Another badge-based system, Smarterer tests users on a specific skill via multiple choice questions and award a badge displaying how much they know. The more than 500 subjects available include topics like Photoshop, Powerpoint, Java, corporate finance and accounting, and after you’ve completed a test, the site lets you know what you still need to learn so you can improve.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Additionally, digital badges can be used as competency-based signifier of achievement, which is in contrast to traditional educational models that stress time-based quantification of education goals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Digital badges also have the ability to be more nimble than school curriculum that take time to create, change, and evolve.
Badge aggregation and exchange
Several attempts have been made to aggregate digital badges found on multiple sites.<ref name="van-grove">Template:Cite web</ref> More recently, Basno and the Mozilla Open Badge Infrastructure seeks to create an open set of standards for representing and exchanging badges across the web.
Criticism
There have been criticisms of the use of badges, suggesting that the functions described above come with significant risks. Some claim that the long history of physical badges in military and quasi-military settings might encourage similar hierarchical relationships when employed online.<ref name="halavais">Template:Cite journal (draft version).</ref> Badges have been criticized for rewarding tasks that are not inherently interesting to badge recipients because they are created to promote behavior that aligns with the goals of the badge issuer and not necessarily the badge recipient.<ref name="hastac.org">http://hastac.org/blogs/mres/2012/02/27/still-badge-skeptic</ref> Some critics have also observed that badges are a type of extrinsic motivator that could compete with an individual's intrinsic motivation for accomplishment and mastery.<ref name="hastac.org"/> In other words, it is like giving out rewards for things that individuals or students should already be doing. Like with any system of rewards, it overall reduces students motivation when the reward no longer becomes desirable.<ref>http://spotlight.macfound.org/blog/entry/digital-badges-for-learning/</ref>
One of the biggest criticisms of badges is its validity, and whether it can be viewed as "trusted credentials." Another criticism of digital badges is that the badge earner's performance is not directly observed so there could be some difficulty in making sure that the badge is awarded to the person who completed the assignment or met the specific criteria.<ref name="net.educause.edu"/> The "gamification" of education is also something that skeptics fear because they feel that students would only be concerned with earning the most badges rather than focusing on the material presented. Additionally, there could be a slew of badges that do not mean anything at all, for example, like earning a badge because your name starts with the letter A. The creation of these "meaningless" badges reinforces the issue of validity because now the badge earner needs to decipher which badges are valuable, and various institutions need to do the same.<ref>http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2012/06/13/03badges.h05.html</ref>
